Despite what most of the medical profession would have us believe, they have very little understanding of the actual causes of or best treatments for the obesity epidemic currently sweeping the West. What little scientific evidence there is on the relationship between exercise and body weight indicates that increasing exercise leads to increased weight (presumably because more activity makes the exerciser hungrier). And the extensive scientific evidence on the relationship between dieting and weight indicates very strongly that this relationship is complicated, subject to contextual factors, and highly non-linear, with so-called “set points” that result in increased fat storage when calorie intake goes down significantly, for instance.
Continue reading ‘Cause and effect in human health’
Archive for the ‘Religion’ Category
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Visual pleasure
Some buildings and spaces provide pleasure to the eye and heart, and an inexplicable lift to the spirits. One such place is Frank Lloyd Wright’s Unity Temple in Chicago, whose intimacy and proportions are ineffably balanced. Another is the Italianate Church of St Brigid in Wavertree, Liverpool. This Anglican church was designed by E. A. (Arthur) Heffer and built between 1868 and 1872. The building can be clearly seen from the inter-city trains approaching and departing Liverpool’s Lime Street station, and seeing it never fails to lift my spirits.
Perhaps the pleasure arises from the stark contrast between the tall bell tower and the flat, surrounding landscape of two-story Victorian terraces. Or perhaps it is the shape and size of the tower; certainly, the visual pleasure would be much less if the tower were pyramid-shaped, or conical, or any shorter.
Passover Seder
Passover Seder.
Actions creating beliefs
I miss reading the posts of the late Norman Geras, over at Normblog. His views were always interesting, and his arguments very often acute. (I say this despite some condescension and ill-temper in his personal emails to me. He clearly thought those of us who disagreed with him about religion were fools, and did not bother to hide his feelings.)
For all his mental incision in general, however, he had a blind spot when it came to religion, as I argued here. His blind spot marked him, despite his lack of religious beliefs, as a person of the post-Reformation confessional view of life: the view that thinking does (and always should) preceed acting, and that thinking leads to considered beliefs. This is a peculiarly modern, western view, a view not shared by most of humanity, neither now nor in the past. The entire weltanshauung of Zen Buddhism, for example, is that beliefs (in the form of enlightenment) are the consequence of religious practices, not necessarily their cause. Norm, western philosopher to his fingertips, never got this.
S. Brent Plate makes a similar criticism of a recent questionnaire aimed at ranking US cities by their “Bible-mindedness”:
The assumptions of the pollsters betray a larger misconception concerning who religious people are and what they do. Questionnaires are still mired in the mostly-Protestant notion that religious people read holy books and have “beliefs” in their heads. It makes for good fodder on the religion news circuits but necessarily leaves out the lived realities of religious existence. For religious life in these United States, the potluck is just as important as the preacher. The soup kitchen as important as the scriptures.
What if we had polls that were indeed about religion and society? What would this mean? How would we ask? Who would we ask?
At the least, this would require the work of bodies, of actual breathing, eating people. We’d find that we social beings might believe things, but more importantly, we behave in particular manners. Our bodies move with other bodies in private and public ways, singing and swaying, seeing and smelling.
We don’t act out our beliefs as much as our beliefs are created through our actions.
Bateson on rationality
Mere purposive rationality unaided by such phenomena as art, religion, dream and the like, is necessarily pathogenic and destructive of life; and . . . its virulence springs specifically from the circumstance that life depends upon interlocking circuits of contingency, while consciousness can see only such short arcs of such circuits as human purpose may direct.”
Gregory Bateson [1972]: “Style, Grace and Information in Primitive Art.” Page 146 in: Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York, NY: Ballentine Books.
George Santayana said something similar in his Sonnet III:
It is not wisdom to be only wise,
And on the inward vision close the eyes,
But it is wisdom to believe the heart.
Human anxiety
Man, in contrast to other animals, is conscious of his own existence. Therefore, conscious of the possibility of non-existence. Ergo, he has anxiety.”
Woman speaking at party, in Shadows, a film by John Cassavetes, 1959.
I am not convinced that man alone is conscious of his own existence, not when elephants go to specific places to die and other elephants avoid those places, nor when dogs play jokes on their owners, nor when octopodes exhibit an aesthetic sense, and nor when some birds seem to enter into relationships with humans to whom they present their offspring proudly as if to a grandparent.
Does evo-psych explain anything at all?
Evolutionary psychology and evolutionary sociology have long struck me as arrant nonsense, because they ignore human free will and self-reflection, and thus our ability to rise above our own nature. There are no pianos on the savanna, as I have remarked before, so an evolutionary psychologist will have a major challenge to explain a desire to play the piano in evolutionary terms.
Christopher Booker, in a review of E. O. Wilson’s new book, The Social Conquest of Earth, views similarly the flaws of evolutionary theory when applied to human behaviours:
It is our ability to escape from the rigid frame of instinct which explains almost everything that distinguishes human beings from any other form of life. But one looks in vain to Wilson to recognise this, let alone to explain how it could have come about in terms of Darwinian evolutionary theory. No attribute of Darwinians is more marked than their inability to grasp just how much their theory cannot account for, from all those evolutionary leaps which require a host of interdependent things to develop more or less simultaneously to be workable, that peculiarity of human consciousness which has allowed us to step outside the instinctive frame and to ‘conquer the Earth’ far more comprehensively than ants.
But it is this which also gives us our disintegrative propensity, individually and collectively, to behave egocentrically, presenting us with all those problems which distinguish us from all the other species which still live in unthinking obedience to the dictates of nature. All these follow from that split from our selfless ‘higher nature’, with which over the millennia our customs, laws, religion and artistic creativity have tried their best to re-integrate us.
Nothing is more comical about Darwinians than the contortions they get into in trying to explain those ‘altruistic’ aspects of human nature which might seem to contradict their belief that the evolutionary drive is always essentially self-centred (seen at its most extreme in Dawkins’s ‘selfish gene’ theory). Wilson’s thesis finally crumbles when he comes up with absurdly reductionist explanations for the emergence of the creative arts and religion. Forget Bach’s B Minor Mass or the deeper insights of the Hindu scriptures — as a lapsed Southern Baptist, he caricatures the religious instinct of mankind as little more than the stunted form of faith he escaped from.
His attempt to unravel what makes human nature unique is entirely a product of that limited ‘left-brain thinking’ which leads to cognitive dissonance.
Unable to think outside the Darwinian box, his account lacks any real warmth or wider understanding. Coming from ‘the most celebrated heir to Darwin’, his book may have won wide attention and praise. But all it really demonstrates is that the real problem with Darwinians is their inability to see just how much their beguilingly simple theory simply cannot explain.”
Influential Books
This is a list of non-fiction books and articles which have greatly influenced me – making me see the world differently or act in it differently. They are listed chronologically according to when I first encountered them.
- 2024 – Nikki Mark [2023]: Tommy’s Field: Love, Loss and the Goal of a Lifetime. Union Square.
- 2023 – Clare Carlisle [2018]: “Habit, Practice, Grace: Towards a Philosophy of Religious Life.” In: F. Ellis (Editor): New Models of Religious Understanding. Oxford University Press, pp. 97–115.
- 2022 – Sean Hewitt [2022]: All Down Darkness Wide. Jonathan Cape.
- 2022 – Stewart Copeland [2009]: Strange Things Happen: A Life with “The Police”, Polo and Pygmies.
- 2019 – Mary Le Beau (Inez Travers Cunningham Stark Boulton, 1888-1958) [1956]: Beyond Doubt: A Record of Psychic Experience.
- 2019 – Zhores A Medvedev [1983]: Andropov: An Insider’s Account of Power and Politics within the Kremlin.
- 2016 – Lafcadio Hearn [1897]: Gleanings in Buddha-Fields: Studies of Hand and Soul in the Far East. London, UK: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company Limited.
- 2015 – Benedict Taylor [2011]: Mendelssohn, Time and Memory. The Romantic Conception of Cyclic Form. Cambridge UP.
- 2010 – Hans Kundnani [2009]: Utopia or Auschwitz: Germany’s 1968 Generation and the Holocaust. London, UK: Hurst and Company.
- 2009 – J. Scott Turner [2007]: The Tinkerer’s Accomplice: How Design Emerges from Life Itself. Harvard UP. (Mentioned here.)
- 2008 – Stefan Aust [2008]: The Baader-Meinhof Complex. Bodley Head.
- 2008 – A. J. Liebling [2008]: World War II Writings. New York City, NY, USA: The Library of America.
- 2008 – Pierre Delattre [1993]: Episodes. St. Paul, MN, USA: Graywolf Press.
- 2006 – Mark Evan Bonds [2006]: Music as Thought: Listening to the Symphony in the Age of Beethoven. Princeton UP.
- 2006 – Kyle Gann [2006]: Music Downtown: Writings from the Village Voice. UCal Press.
- 2005 – Clare Asquith [2005]: Shadowplay: The Hidden Beliefs and Coded Politics of William Shakespeare. Public Affairs.
- 2004 – Igal Halfin [2003]: Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard UP.
- 2002 – Philip Mirowski [2002]: Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science. Cambridge University Press.
- 2001 – George Leonard [2000]: The Way of Aikido: Life Lessons from an American Sensei.
- 2000 – Stephen E. Toulmin [1990]: Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. University of Chicago Press.
- 1999 – Michel de Montaigne [1580-1595]: Essays.
- 1997 – James Pritchett [1993]: The Music of John Cage. Cambridge UP.
- 1996 – George Fowler [1995]: Dance of a Fallen Monk: A Journey to Spiritual Enlightenment.
Doubleday. - 1995 – Chungliang Al Huang and Jerry Lynch [1992]: Thinking Body, Dancing Mind. New York: Bantam Books.
- 1995 – Jon Kabat-Zinn [1994]: Wherever You Go, There You Are.
- 1995 – Charlotte Joko Beck [1993]: Nothing Special: Living Zen.
- 1993 – George Leonard [1992]: Mastery: The Keys to Success and Long-Term Fulfillment.
- 1992 – Henry Adams [1907/1918]: The Education.
- 1990 – Trevor Leggett [1987]: Zen and the Ways. Tuttle.
- 1989 – Grant McCracken [1988]: Culture and Consumption.
- 1989 – Teresa Toranska [1988]: Them: Stalin’s Polish Puppets. Translated by Agnieszka Kolakowska. HarperCollins. (Mentioned here.)
- 1988 – Henry David Thoreau [1865]: Cape Cod.
- 1988 – Rupert Sheldrake [1988]: The Presence of the Past: Morphic Resonance and the Habits of Nature.
- 1988 – Dan Rose [1987]: Black American Street Life: South Philadelphia, 1969-1971. UPenn Press.
- 1987 – Susan Sontag [1966]: Against Interpretation. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- 1987 – Gregory Bateson [1972]: Steps to an Ecology of Mind. U Chicago Press.
- 1987 – Jay Neugeboren [1968]: Reflections at Thirty.
- 1985 – Esquire Magazine Special Issue [June 1985]: The Soul of America.
- 1985 – Brian Willan [1984]: Sol Plaatje: A Biography.
- 1982 – John Miller Chernoff [1979]: African Rhythm and African Sensibility: Aesthetics and Social Action in African Musical Idioms. University of Chicago Press.
- 1981 – Walter Rodney [1972]: How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Bogle-L’Overture Publications.
- 1980 – James A. Michener [1971]: Kent State: What happened and Why.
- 1980 – Andre Gunder Frank [1966]: The Development of Underdevelopment. Monthly Review Press.
- 1980 – Paul Feyerabend [1975]: Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge.
- 1979 – Aldous Huxley [1945]: The Perennial Philosophy.
- 1978 – Christmas Humphreys [1949]: Zen Buddhism.
- 1977 – Raymond Smullyan [1977]: The Tao is Silent.
- 1976 – Bertrand Russell [1951-1969]: The Autobiography. George Allen & Unwin.
- 1975 – Jean-Francois Revel [1972]: Without Marx or Jesus: The New American Revolution Has Begun.
- 1974 – Charles Reich [1970]: The Greening of America.
- 1973 – Selvarajan Yesudian and Elisabeth Haich [1953]: Yoga and Health. Harper.
- 1972 – Robin Boyd [1960]: The Australian Ugliness.
String theorists in knots
Last week’s Observer carried a debate over the status of string theory by a theoretical physicist, Michael Duff, and a science journalist, James Baggott. Mostly, they talk past each other. There is much in what they say that could provoke comment, but since time is short, I will only comment on one statement.
Duff’s final contribution includes these words:
Finally, you offer no credible alternative. If you don’t like string theory the answer is simple: come up with a better one. “
This is plain wrong for several reasons. First, we would have no scientific progress at all if critics of scientific theories first had to develop an alternative theory before they could advance their criticisms. Indeed, public voicing of criticisms of a theory is one of the key motivations for other scientists to look for alternatives in the first place. So Duff has the horse and the cart backwards here.
Secondly, “come up with a better one“? “better“? What means “better“? Duff has missed precisely the main point of the critics of string theory! We have no way of knowing – not even in principle, let alone in practice – whether string theory is any good or not, nor whether it accurately describes reality. We have no experimental evidence by which to assess it, and most likely (since it posits and models alleged additional dimensions of spacetime that are inaccessible to us) not ever any way to obtain such empirical evidence. As I have argued before, theology has more empirical support – the personal spiritual experiences of religious believers and practitioners – than does string theory. So, suppose we did come up with an alternative theory to string theory: how then could we tell which theory was the better of the two?
Pure mathematicians, like theologians, don’t use empirical evidence as a criterion for evaluating theories. Instead, they use subjective criteria such as beauty, elegance, and self-coherence. There is nothing at all wrong with this. But such criteria ain’t science, which by its nature is a social activity.
Fathers of the Church
Yale theologian Jaroslav Pelikan (1923-2006) was once asked by some friends to join a social event. However, he had work to do, so he replied: “I need to spend some time in the library with the Fathers, not time in the bar with the brothers.” (HT: LR)