{"id":1440,"date":"2009-12-09T17:08:24","date_gmt":"2009-12-09T17:08:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/?p=1440"},"modified":"2009-12-09T17:08:24","modified_gmt":"2009-12-09T17:08:24","slug":"vale-stephen-toulmin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/2009\/12\/vale-stephen-toulmin\/","title":{"rendered":"Vale:  Stephen Toulmin"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Anglo-American philosopher, Stephen Toulmin, <a href=\"http:\/\/uscnews.usc.edu\/obituaries\/in_memoriam_stephen_e_toulmin_87.html\" target=\"_blank\">has just died<\/a>, aged 87.\u00a0\u00a0 One of the areas to which he made major contributions was argumentation, the theory of argument, and his work found and finds application not only in philosophy but in computer science.<br \/>\nFor instance, under the direction of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eng.ox.ac.uk\/people\/fox.jp.html\" target=\"_blank\">John Fox<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.acl.icnet.uk\/lab\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Computation Laboratory<\/a> at Europe&#8217;s largest medical research charity, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Research UK<\/a> (formerly, the Imperial Cancer Research Fund) applied Toulmin&#8217;s model of argument in computer systems they built and deployed in the 1990s to handle conflicting arguments in some domain.\u00a0 An example was a system for advising medical practitioners with the arguments for and against prescribing a particular drug to a patient with a particular medical history and disease presentation.\u00a0 One company commercializing these ideas in medicine\u00a0is <a href=\"http:\/\/www.infermed.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Infermed<\/a>. \u00a0\u00a0 Other applications include the automated prediction of chemical properties such as toxicity (see for example, the work of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lhasalimited.org\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Lhasa Ltd<\/a>), and dynamic optimization of extraction processes in mining.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1445\" title=\"S E Toulmin\" src=\"https:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/12\/S-E-Toulmin.jpg\" alt=\"S E Toulmin\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" \/><br \/>\nFor me, Toulmin&#8217;s most influential work was was his book <em>Cosmopolis<\/em>, which identified and deconstructed the main biases\u00a0evident in contemporary western culture since the work of Descartes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A bias for the written over the oral<\/li>\n<li>A bias for the universal over the local<\/li>\n<li>A bias for the general over the particular<\/li>\n<li>A bias for the timeless over the timely.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Formal logic as a theory of human reasoning can\u00a0be seen as\u00a0example of these biases at work. In contrast, argumentation theory attempts to reclaim the theory of reasoning from formal logic with an approach able to deal with conflicts and gaps, and with special cases, and less subject to such biases.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/normblog.typepad.com\/normblog\/2009\/12\/teabags-second-law.html\" target=\"_blank\">Norm&#8217;s dispute with Larry Teabag<\/a>\u00a0is a recent example of resistance to the puritanical, Descartian\u00a0desire to impose abstract formalisms\u00a0onto practical reasoning quite contrary to local and particular\u00a0sense.<br \/>\nAnother instance of Descartian autism is the widespread deletion of economic history from graduate programs in economics and the associated privileging of deductive reasoning in abstract mathematical models over other forms of argument (eg, narrative accounts, laboratory and field experiments, field samples and surveys, computer simulation, etc) in economic theory.\u00a0 One consequence of this autism is the <a href=\"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/2011\/09\/the-macroeconomic-dark-ages\/\" target=\"_blank\">Great Moral Failure of Macroeconomics<\/a> in the Great World Recession of 2008-onwards.<br \/>\n<em>References:<\/em><br \/>\nS. E. Toulmin [1958]:\u00a0 <em>The Uses of Argument<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\nS. E. Toulmin [1990]: <em>Cosmopolis:\u00a0 The Hidden Agenda of Modernity<\/em>.\u00a0 Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Anglo-American philosopher, Stephen Toulmin, has just died, aged 87.\u00a0\u00a0 One of the areas to which he made major contributions was argumentation, the theory of argument, and his work found and finds application not only in philosophy but in computer science. For instance, under the direction of John Fox, the Advanced Computation Laboratory at Europe&#8217;s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,13,15,25,31,45,58,60,73],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-argumentation","category-computer-science","category-computing-as-interaction","category-economics","category-global-economic-crisis","category-logic","category-obits","category-philosophy-of-language","category-rhetoric","p1","y2009","m12","d09","h17"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1440"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1440\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}