{"id":1301,"date":"2009-10-02T23:12:14","date_gmt":"2009-10-02T23:12:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/?p=1301"},"modified":"2009-10-02T23:12:14","modified_gmt":"2009-10-02T23:12:14","slug":"know-all","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/2009\/10\/know-all\/","title":{"rendered":"Know-all"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Terry Eagleton has been a strong defender of religious belief, religious practice, and theology\u00a0against the attacks of the neo-classical atheists, <a href=\"http:\/\/mrzine.monthlyreview.org\/eagleton200909.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as in this interview here<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0I have a great deal of sympathy with Eagleton&#8217;s aims, but he seems <a href=\"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/2009\/09\/speech-acts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confused about performative acts<\/a>, actions which may or may not imply propositions, and, when they do, certainly rarely imply propositions reasonable people can agree on.\u00a0\u00a0 Normblog, <a href=\"http:\/\/normblog.typepad.com\/normblog\/2009\/09\/what-a-performance.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u00a0first<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/normblog.typepad.com\/normblog\/2009\/09\/if-you-get-into-a-bath-it-might-or-might-not-have-water-in-it-.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">then here<\/a>, \u00a0attacks Eagleton&#8217;s account of religious practice.\u00a0 In his second post, Norm is responding to a <a href=\"http:\/\/stumblingandmumbling.typepad.com\/stumbling_and_mumbling\/2009\/09\/actions-beliefs-and-tacit-knowledge.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">post by Chris at Stumbling and Mumbling<\/a>, a post which defends Eagleton by discussing tacit knowledge and coming-to-know-something-through-experiencing-it.<br \/>\n<!--more--><a href=\"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/2009\/07\/on-knowing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I have argued before<\/a> (and <a href=\"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/2009\/02\/ed-witten-meet-gerard-debreu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>) that many (perhaps even most) religious adherents have personal\u00a0encounters which they perceive to be of the divine.\u00a0\u00a0 These experiences, despite being\u00a0widespread (in apparently all human societies, and seemingly across all human history) have so far proven not to be objectively replicable, which therefore invalidates them as evidence for scientific claims.\u00a0 But this does not invalidate them as evidence for personal beliefs and actions.\u00a0\u00a0 Indeed, quite the contrary.\u00a0\u00a0 If I prefer the taste of drinking coffee to the taste of drinking tea, it is because of my personal subjective experiences of the two liquids; there is nothing that an explicitly-socially-negotiated activity such as science should have to say on the matter of my personal preferences or tastes.\u00a0 \u00a0 To argue otherwise is to misunderstand the nature of science as an activity as well as to intrude on my autonomy as a human person.\u00a0 (In other words, if Richard Dawkins chooses not to believe in a non-material realm, fine.\u00a0 But he has no moral right to tell other\u00a0people what they may believe\u00a0or practice, let alone to assert that they should ignore or discount their own personal experiences in deference to his.)<br \/>\nAll the writers here are victims of the bias in our western intellectual culture these last three centuries, a bias which is long-run consequence of the European religious wars of the 17th century.\u00a0 This bias favours beliefs over actions, favours propositions over other representations of knowledge, and (<em>inter alia<\/em>) favours written accounts over other forms of communication.\u00a0 There are many ways of knowing besides beliefs, and other forms of knowledge representation besides propositions.\u00a0 For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Know-What<\/em>: We may know what objects there are in the world, what features they have, and what their relationships are to each other.\u00a0 Such knowledge may be expressed in the form of propositions &#8211; statements which are true (or not) of the portion of reality they purport to describe.\u00a0 On the other hand, not all human communicative utterances are statements with truth values (perhaps, indeed, most utterances are not), and a great part of the meaning of utterances is unrelated to their truth or falsity relative to the world.\u00a0 Arguably,\u00a0the mainstream of pure mathematics since\u00a0Mario Pieri&#8217;s and David Hilbert&#8217;s work in creating and studying formal axiom systems in the 1890s\u00a0has been unrelated to truth or falsity.\u00a0 \u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/mrzine.monthlyreview.org\/eagleton200909.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">As Eagleton is trying to argue<\/a>, many religious actions may be communicative utterances with profound meanings and highly-impactful consequences not associated with their truth values.\u00a0 And in situations of extreme uncertainty, where the very objects in the domain are unknown, let alone their attributes and relationships, I am not convinced it makes any sense at all to talk of propositional representation of knowledge of the domain.<\/li>\n<li><em>Know-How<\/em>:\u00a0 We may be able\u00a0 to perform some activity, or exercise some skill, without our knowledge being expressed, or even expressible, in propositional form.\u00a0 All of us can breathe, most of us can walk down a staircase,\u00a0some of us can even hit a 99-mile-per-hour cricket ball over the boundary or improvise jazz on a piano or successfully manage a large software development team, yet every single one of us would be hard-put to\u00a0express any of these abilities in propositional form.\u00a0\u00a0Indeed, many of us would be hard part to even\u00a0<em>describe<\/em> the actions involved\u00a0\u00a0in these activities:\u00a0 try saying exactly what basic actions, in what precise order, you undertake to walk down stairs, for instance. (And as any sportsman or musician can tell you, the whole point of achieving mastery of some physical skill is to put it <em>out<\/em> of conscious awareness &#8211; to be such a master of the skill that one does not think consciously about it and cannot describe it verbally.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In any case, representation of \u00a0know-how knowledge may be much better undertaken\u00a0with collections of feasible actions or commands, rather than with propositions, as in the definition of computer protocols (such as HTTP).\u00a0 The 1868 book by Brown (details below) is an example of such a collection of possible actions, in this case mechanical movements.<\/li>\n<li><em>Know-Where<\/em>: We may know our geographic position, relative for instance to the sun or to the directions of the compass, without even necessarily being aware that we have this knowledge, let alone being able to put it into propositional form.\u00a0\u00a0 Yet we may use this knowledge even without being aware that we have it.\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/2009\/06\/language-and-thought\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In an earlier post<\/a>, I reported on experiments in Australian aboriginal communities which demonstrated that some people maintain a sense of their relative geographic position <em>all the time<\/em>, and use this knowledge without conscious awareness, in the same way that we all breathe or most of us walk down stairs.\u00a0\u00a0 One could easily imagine non-propositional representation of know-where knowledge by means\u00a0(for instance)\u00a0of co-ordinates in some manifold, or a directed arrow (a vector) always pointing from the knower to some other point, such as the sun or the north pole.<\/li>\n<li><em>Know-When<\/em>:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 We may have an acute sense of rhythm or timing.\u00a0 Professional musicians, particularly percussionists and drummers, are often able to beat perfect time at a pre-specified rate (eg, 60 beats per minute) without recourse to a metronome, to detect very small differences between different beat rates, and to play one rhythm against another.\u00a0\u00a0 Good musicians are invariably able to beat complex rhythms (2 against 3, or 4 against 5), or play non-standard divisions of a beat (11 equal notes in the time of 8, for example).\u00a0\u00a0 The jazz drummer, Jeff Tain Watts, for instance, once began a song that was in 8 beats to the bar with a 7 bar introduction, with each successive bar having one additional drum-beat (ie, the first bar had 1 drum-beat to the bar, the second 2, the third 3, etc).\u00a0\u00a0 Even the act of playing music together requires an ability to know when to play one&#8217;s part relative to when other performers are playing their parts, and to anticipate each other&#8217;s playing, a cognitive skill that can take years of practice together to do well.\u00a0 For the Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Olympics, for example, the organist was located in Sydney Town Hall, about 10 miles from where the Orchestra and the conductor were.\u00a0 Although linked by video, there was noticeable delay, both in video transmission and sound transmission.\u00a0 To actually sound together required the organist to play before the orchestra did, which meant anticipating the conductor&#8217;s instructions.\u00a0\u00a0 Similarly, people in other professions whose success depends on the timing of actions, such as many sports, acting and stand-up comedy, have a very good sense of timing, a knowledge of when best to act or speak.\u00a0 Whether this knowledge is innate, or (more likely) learnt, it can be extremely sophisticated, and none of representable in propositional form, nor even easily describable in any form.<\/li>\n<li><em>Know-Who<\/em>:\u00a0 People who get things done in the world almost invariably have a good ability to &#8220;read&#8221; groups and social situations, and to manage them.\u00a0\u00a0 The pundit David Brooks has <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/01\/18\/opinion\/18brooks.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argued<\/a>, correctly in my view, that the skills involved in these activities\u00a0 &#8211; <em>&#8220;Managing status rivalries, negotiating group dynamics, understanding social norms, navigating the distinction between self and group&#8221;<\/em>, in Brooks&#8217; words &#8211;\u00a0 are both cognitively demanding and essential for success in modern society.\u00a0 Indeed, these skills have been essential for success in human societies for thousands of years, perhaps more so in oral cultures,\u00a0 such as those in Southern Africa before colonialism, than in modern society. \u00a0 I have written about precisely what we are doing when we &#8220;read&#8221; a group or social situation, <a href=\"http:\/\/meeseeks:5080\/blog\/2011\/01\/on-getting-things-done\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0 This form of knowledge, like so many in this list, is not easily codified.<\/li>\n<li><em>Know-That <\/em>(in deference to Huxley):\u00a0 We may know that some entity exists merely by being in its presence.\u00a0\u00a0 We may know this without use of any of our so-called &#8220;<em>five senses<\/em>&#8220;, but through some other means.\u00a0 The Sufi school of <em>Illuminationism,\u00a0<\/em>founded by\u00a0Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155-1191), is an example of a mystical tradition\u00a0based on such knowledge.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Anyone who has been in love or felt the love of another person will have had something like this knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Wittgenstein famously said, &#8220;<em>Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must remain silent.<\/em>&#8221;\u00a0 He was certainly not claiming that there is nothing about which one cannot speak.<br \/>\n<em>References:<\/em><br \/>\nHenry T. Brown [1868 ]: <em>507 Mechanical Movements:\u00a0 Mechanisms and Devices<\/em>. Reprinted 2007 by Dover Science.<br \/>\nAldous Huxley [1944]: <em>The Perennial Philosophy<\/em>.\u00a0 London, UK:\u00a0 Chatto and Windus.<br \/>\nMehdi Amin Razavi [1996]: <em>Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination<\/em>.\u00a0 London, UK:\u00a0 Routledge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Terry Eagleton has been a strong defender of religious belief, religious practice, and theology\u00a0against the attacks of the neo-classical atheists, as in this interview here.\u00a0\u00a0I have a great deal of sympathy with Eagleton&#8217;s aims, but he seems confused about performative acts, actions which may or may not imply propositions, and, when they do, certainly rarely [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,21,71,74],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-argumentation","category-culture","category-religion","category-science","p1","y2009","m10","d02","h23"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1301","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1301"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1301\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1301"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vukutu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}